Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire Instrument Critique Research Paper

Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire Instrument Critique - Research Paper Example In the development of the instrument, studies describing critically ill patients’ patterns of sleep were used as a theoretical basis for various items incorporated into the instrument. The instrument was validated against the polysomnograph and found to be an improvement in measuring sleep quality for patients in intensive care (Richards et al, 2000). As currently used, the Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire reflects five items that are used for measuring sleep quality in ICU patients. These are the depth of sleep, ability to fall asleep, number of times the patients wake up, percentage of the time the patients are awake, and the overall sleep quality of the patients (Richards et al, 2000). The Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire, on top of these five items, also includes a rating for noise during the nighttime, which are scored using a visual analogue scale. The five scores for the Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire is averaged, and the mean score used in determining sleep quality. Night shift nurses are required to complete the Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire with regards to the sleep quality of their patients overnight, while the patients also fill in the Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire after they wake up. The instrument was modified to measure how many awakenings the patient had during their sleep in order to d ifferentiate between patients who woke up frequently and those who did not wake up during their sleep. Further advances in the instrument involved the requirement that the items and directions on the questionnaire be read out to the patients in intensive care (Richards et al, 2000). This was because, while patients have been found to have little trouble in completing it if nurses read the items and directions out to them, majority of the critically ill patients had problems when completing the questionnaire without provision of assistance. However, for obvious reasons, this survey is only useful if the patients are awake and non-delirious. The visual analog nature of the Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire scales means that, as a measure of the latency of sleep, it is not very sensitive in comparison to other modalities of scaling (Richards et al, 2000). For this reason, there is a need to revise the instrument. This could be done in order to improve the Richard-Campbell Sleep Ques tionnaire’s ability to predict the efficiency of sleep in intensive care patients. For example, the instrument could be revised by adding more items in an attempt to predict sleep efficiency with an improved percentage of variance. However, this will be done at the risk of decreasing the practicality of outcome measurements for patients who are critically ill (Richards et al, 2000), especially as increasing the number of items may be too much for nurses who are overworked and patients who are critically ill and may be too weak to answer them. The Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire’s predictive ability could also be potentially improved by adding another section with more items for nurses. This additional section would consist of additional observations that the nurses make for the critically ill patients’ quality of sleep (Richards et al, 2000). The Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire could also be revised to account for sleep characteristic

The Relationship Between Health, Healing, and Religion Term Paper

The Relationship Between Health, Healing, and Religion - Term Paper Example Different religions utilize different ideas about the healing. Some utilize the spiritual activities while some utilize the scientific approach and give medicines to heal a sick person. The medicine might come from the plant source or might be a modern medicine. The modern scientific community has taking interest in all the healing techniques that are utilized from the religious point of view and some of the religious activities considering the health and healing got importance due to the positivism towards the society and religion. In general, illness is the phase of a body or mind where it is unable to work in its capacity or body or mind is unable to perform that it has the capacity of. However, different religions views illness differently. In the Voodoo religion, the believers have believed that an illness is caused due to the evil or bad sprits or sometimes sprits of the family members. Voodoo has concepts that â€Å"lwa† are the sprits that make an interaction with the people and are able to cause bad thing to the people. In the Kung religion, illness is caused by the dead Kung, the dead ancestor of a person or sometimes gods penetrate the illness into the person (Kingsley 41). In this way, in this religion it is very important to cure and heal the sick to try best to make the person healthy. Shaman has also the similar conditions that consider illness a spiritual deal of the person. In the shamanism, people believe that there is an invisible world around us and invisible creatures are present around us that are sprits. The sprits are able to put illness in a person. Yoga involves the practices that are capable of making the disease away from the practitioner. The practitioners have the faith that certain forces that block the life can cause illness. How is it best addressed? In different religions the illness is expressed in different forms and sometimes it referred to as the spiritual illness. In the religion ‘Kung’ people give spec ial important to the sick because they believe that if the person dies of illness (Kingsley 42), he will spread the illness or give it to the other person. In the Voodoo, illness is paid a significant attention and 60% of the activity in the religion is to heal the person. In the similar way the yoga also addresses the illness in a proper manner and to remove it from the person’s body and soul special attention is required. Yoga is all about the methods that increase the blood flow in the body, increase the brain function and make the body flexible and healthy. The practices utilized in the yoga can help maintain the blood pressure and reduce the cholesterol that helps maintain the health of the heart and the lungs. What kind of healer is needed? In almost all the religion, some of the persons of the society work significantly to preach and heal the persons like the priests, which make give their lives to the religion to protect and preach the religion and make people underst and what their religion is. In the similar way, in all the religion people consider then sacred and they are the person who work to heal the persons. In Voodoo, the priesthood presents both is man and women and these persons heal the ill persons with some rituals, herbal medicines and now a day the scientific medicines. Houngan is the word for the male priest and Mambo is the name of the female priest. Similarly, a healer is required in the Kung to make the illness away from the people and he can be able to fight with the gods to pull the illness away from the person, in this way, a healer should be strong both mentally and physical. In the similar way, in Curandero’s healing mechanism, saints play the role of the healer. In

The Importance Of Green Computing Information Technology Essay

The Importance Of Green Computing Information Technology Essay Green computing refers to environmentally sustainable computing. It minimize the use of electricity as well as energy and reduce the environmental dissipate when we are using a computer. The green computing has the same goals with green chemistry, which is longer the life time of the product and makes the product more efficiency of energy, advance the discarded product and factory waste to be more easily recycled and biodegradable, use of the less-hazardous materials. According to San Murugesan, green computing is the study of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and related subsystems-such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems which is efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment. It also strives to get economic achievability and better system performance and use due to abide your social and ethical responsibilities. In the economic sense, it has efficiency energy, a save the total cost of ownership, which includes the cost of disposal and recycling. Therefore it is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently. Origin The labeling program which is known as Energy Star was one of the earliest initiatives toward in United States. In 1992, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) started to promote all kinds of hardware of energy efficiency, also climate control equipment, and other technologies and it was regarded as Energy Star. The label of Energy Star became a general sight, mainly in  notebook computers and  displays. In Europe and Asia, similar programs have also been implemented. The sleep mode is then adopted among consumer electronics. After the Energy Star program began, the term green computing was probably invented shortly. 100px-Energy_Star_logo.svg.png . Logo of Energy Star Pathways to Green Computing   In accordance with San Murugesan, the study of green computing which is related to use, disposal, designing, and manufacturing, here are the elaborations of the above. There are ways to achieve green computing, aim to make the whole IT lifecycle greener. The following four complementary paths dealing with environmental sustainability are: Green use. Using computers and other information systems in an environmentally sound manner such as reduce the energy consumption. Green disposal. When dealing unwanted compurs or electronic equipment, recycle them properly. Old computers are also encouraged to be reuse or refurbished. Green design. Designing energy-efficient and environmentally sound components, computers, servers, cooling equipment, and data centers Green manufacturing. Manufacturing electronic components, computers, and other associated subsystems with minimal impact on the environment. Important of Green Computing Why should we have the idea of green computing? When the news claimed that the environment was not a renewable resource, it really hit home and people started realizing that they had to do their part to protect the environment. Therefore, green computing is an important idea to keep our environment clean and safe. When it gets involved in recycling computer, it is difficult to dispose the old computers and some more that they take up much space in landfills. Somehow, the problem is that the electronic waste is increasing tremendously within this decade. Many negative effects are gradually showed up towards this environment, especially to human. Due to the quick obsolescence of electronics, it resulted a dreadful 70% of all hazardous waste. Computer waste is high in many toxic materials such as heavy metals and flame-retardant plastics, which easily leach into ground water and bio-accumulate. In addition, to manufacture chips of the electronic requires huge amounts of resources and some deadliest gases and chemicals are used to man . In an average year, 24 million computers have become obsolete in United States. Only about 14% (3.3 million) of these will be recycled or donated. Over 20 million computers, the rest in U.S. will be get rid of, destroyed or shipped as waste products or to be dealt with later in the temporary storage. We do not care about what happens when our laptop dies and just stop to consider it. The reality is that it either decomposed in a landfill or developing countries. The children there wrestling its components apart by hand and melting toxic bits to discover traces or valuable metals like gold. Moreover, E-Waste trade chain is created in developing nations for the imported obsolete electronics. They employ several workers, collectors, segregators, middlemen, scrap dealers and recyclers to take components apart, reuse the functional components, burning or acid dipping and other unprofessional techniques to recycle the non-functional components. After burning and other wastes are disposed, the spent acids and other chemicals, solid wastes eventually end up in rivers. This resulted serious problem of pollution of water, the source we depend , which can threaten our lives.C:UsersUserDocumentsCSCpics80415_beware_free_electronic_waste_collection_events_300dpi.jpg . Landfill C:UsersUserDocumentsCSCpicsStEP-EMPA04.jpgC:UsersUserDocumentsCSCpicsStEP-EMPA01.jpg 3. Unprofessional technique used by the woman that maybe endangers health. 2. Workers in landfill. Another reason that triggers us to look important on green computing is the emissions of harmful gases which come from generating electricity can cause respiratory disease, smog, acid rain and global climate change. These reactions can be avoided if we save the electricity and do not leave computers on continuously because the majority of the worlds electricity is generated by burning fossil fuel pollutants such as sulphur, mercury, and carbon dioxide. Supporting Theory Greener supply chains have become the norm and the trend of green IT. It is because the companies have tried to squeeze very dime out of their supply chains to improve the bottom line and deliver less-expensive products to their customers. Instead of focusing on purely financial improvements, they also try to make the greatest interest in making the supply chains greener. While greening the supply chain, the importance of gathering data and analysis become obviously. So that it is no surprise that IT and electronics equipment manufacturers have been on the leading edge of this field for years. It is because the suppliers are pressured by most of their customer to reduce their carbon footprints, minimize waste that would need to be stored in landfills and use less water. The European Union is tackling with difficulties of producing computers which are free of the worst toxic materials and the responsibility for taking back the company their own old products too. They try to manage with cycling the disassembling parts back into the fabrication process. Finally, in 2002, NEC came out with the first computer to use lead-free solder, a fully recyclable plastic case, and which contained no toxic flame-retardants. It is becoming a common practice for companies to offer their customers free recycling of their old computers since the worldwide of computers company have started selling lead-free PCs. Apple is taking the pioneer and the leader to green computing. The New Mac mini is a good start. Figure Advertisement of Apple the new MacBook The Apple MacBook Pro is the best example of product of green IT. It eliminated many harmful toxins. For example, the mercury used in CCFL backlights and the arsenic contained in the glass of traditional LCD displays.Apple has removed these toxins from all new MacBook Pro notebooks, and theyve done the same for the new MacBook Air, iMac, Mac Pro, and Mac mini; Apple LED Cinema Display; and iPod touch, iPod classic, iPod nano, iPod shuffle, and iPhone. It is highly recyclable. The material of the product is formed from recyclable glass, recyclable aluminum and so on. The raw materials used in new MacBook are very desirable by recycler and it can be reused in other products. Its packaging is reduced. About 41, 37 and 34 percent smaller (13-, 15-, and 17-inch, respectively) than the original one. The reason using smaller boxes is due to we can fit more boxes as possible we can on each shipping pallet. Since more products fit on each plane or boat, fewer boats and planes are used and therefore results in CO2 emissions is reduced. It is more energy efficient. Because Apple makes both hardware and software for Macbook Pro, they manage to design them work together and control every aspect of the production. There are many functions allow the MacBook use less electricity: the MacBook Pro hard drive spins down automatically when inactive. MacBook Pro The Userful MultiSeat takes 1 ordinary PC and turns it into 11 standard USB. Up to 11 users can work on a single computer, each with their own monitor, mice, and keyboards. Not only 80% of hardware cost is saved, the infrastructure (power plugs, cabling, etc.) is reduced by factor of 10. The company, Userful, declared that their software have saved over 13,350 tons of CO2 emissions in the past year, which is same with taking 2,300 cars off the road. This application makes the possibility to reduce the emissions of CO2 by up to 15 per year per system and up to 80% the electronic waste can be reduced. Analysis and Solution of the Problem Why does green computing less common practice in our country? Although we know that green computing is important, but some people just does not do the practical action to save our earth. They constantly think that: I am just one person, I cannot make any difference to something as global as climate change. They underestimate themselves, and continuing destroys the earth. Somehow, this common attitude of human can be an obstacle to the way of green world. If we reluctant to make practical changes in behavior, such as turn off the computer when not in use or recycle used paper, the earth will easily sick one beyond our expectations because of all of us behaves the same attitude and no one willing to change. Green computing will not work out anymore in this instance. In the other hand, there is a common view that man-made emissions are too small to cause climate change. Although it is true that only a small amount of emission caused by human in the annual cycle amount, we cannot be blind as the population increases, our consumption of energy also inevitably in a high demand. Hence, global warming resulted in fast-pace virtually. Therefore, our response is influential because it practically shows how individuals can make a difference by demonstrating the good behavior of everything. Let us say that if everyone uses two sheets less per day in an office of about 1,000 people, it would save a tree every week. We can say we are enough to make difference. Does green computing really go green? The answer may be no definitely 100% of green IT. It depends on the manufacturing process used to produce the electronic. Most products are produced in China or other Asian countries and most of the computer components are outsourced from there. Why? Generally, companies tend to gain more benefit than lose a penny, developing in China or other Asian countries is the way to save the cost of production. How? Because there is not much strict environmental regulations and the labor standards are lax. In addition, products do not often meet the green standards by those manufacturers which are set by the companies, also including Apple headquarters in the United States. Finally, the working conditions, being paid in fair wages, and working reasonable hours also must we consider to ensure to product is truly green. Therefore, labor of production which must be considered in case. Recommendation We should take our responsibility to reduce the environmental impact of computing in order to keep our planet clean and healthy. As users, we could do our part by altering our habits. Here are the ways we can make our world better if we: using computers and devices that comply with the Energy Star program, telecommuting instead of travelling by planes or ship, using paperless method to communicate or in business. In my opinion, technology is created and improved in our generation is to upgrade our quality of life. We should appreciate this advantage but not misuse it. If we waste our resources restlessly and there will not be any chances for us to repent and our live seems to reach the end. Because of the non-renewable resource, which is a natural resource, such as fossil fuel, cannot sustain in a long time if we use them without conservation. This is because the resources often existed in fixed amount, and we keep consuming that much faster than the nature can create them. We use them in our daily life, how would it be if we run out of petroleum? No transport, no food, economic crisisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. More disasters will happen with unexpectedly fast. Therefore, we can change our attitudes now as long as we still have chance to live. In addition, we have only one earth, so treat it well! Conclusion To come to our knowledge, the man-made greenhouse gas emissions increasing is a major contributing factor to global warming, enterprises, governments, and also our society. In the mean time, people trying to tackle environmental issues and adopting environmentally to live in harmony and peacefully with this earth. Therefore, greening our IT products, applications, services and practices are both economic and environmental essential, as well as our social responsibility. As a result, a growing number of IT vendors and users are moving toward green computing and thereby assisting in building a green society and economy. Through the effort of developing sustainable energy, we can create a better quality of life for the coming generation. We can put our effort to learn more about knowledge of computer disposal to protecting the environment. By green computing technology, we are trying to make the whole process surrounding computers more friendly to the environment, economy, and society.

Comparing Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse and Kawabatas Snow Countr

Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse and Kawabata's Snow Country      Ã‚  Ã‚   Virginia Woolf's claim that plot is banished in modern fiction is a misleading tenet of Modernism. The plot is not eliminated so much as mapped out onto a more local level, most obviously with the epic structural comparison in Ulysses. In To the Lighthouse, Woolf's strategy of indirect discourse borrows much from Impressionism in its exploration of the ways painting can freeze a moment and make it timeless. In Kawabata's Snow Country, the story of Yoko and her family and its relationship to the rest of the novel corresponds with an even more modern medium, film, and its superimposition of contradictory image.    Lily Briscoe's metaphor stabilize the chaotic reality around her, order them into a visible representation, and make them timeless. She shares these goals with the Impressionists, for whom moments of being (as Woolf calls them elsewhere) are also "illuminations, matches struck unexpectedly in the dark" (161). The instantaneity of this image, and its reliance on light, is crucial for To the Lighthouse; through the single match Lily, and Woolf, light forest fires. Other parts of the narrative clarify and become resonant through specific moments of consciousness; one character's thoughts feed into another's, the narrative voice filters through everyone else's, and the reader sees, as Lily does, the "X-ray photograph" (91) of everyone's desires and fears. The plot is compromised in these scenes, or in the throwaway line in "Time Passes" that parenthetically tells us that Mrs. Ramsay died last night. But just as this remark is framed by brackets, so does each moment of being f rame something else, a larger context the singular... ...raps the sounds around each other, showing that language, even at its most freeing, is still confining. But the image is enough, and through this the Milky Way creates an anti-gravity field that lifts the characters out of their bodies: "The limitless depth of the Milky Way pulled his gaze up into it" (165). It is in this non-Newtonian manner that Kawabata directs our attention to the plot outline of his novel. We may focus on one moment, but it is infinitely refracted throughout the text, and at each moment we linger on the image, the reflected image, or the idea of the image; the plot is always there, but not always the primary image.    Works Cited: Kawabata, Yasunari. Snow Country. Berkley Publishing Corporation: New York, NY 1956. Woolf, Virginia. To the Lighthouse. Introduction by D.M. Hoare, Ph.D. London: J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1960

Chapter 21 notes- the kite runner Essay

Amir visits his old house in Kabul and the hill north of Baba’s house- The city is now completely unfamiliar to Amir, and he looks at it almost as a tourist Amir looks outside his bedroom window and remembers looking out of it when watching Hassan and Amir leave. â€Å"Twenty-five years earlier, I had stood behind that same window, thick rain dripping down the panes and my breath fogging up the glass. I had watched Hassan and Ali load their belongings into the trunk of my father’s car† -Amir Characters involved: Amir Farid Hassan- Amir discusses their good memories in the yard of Baba’s house and up at the pomegranate tree on the hill. â€Å"Amir and Hassan. The Sultans of Kabul†- still carved into the pomegranate tree. A man and woman were executed on the soccer oval in front of all the spectators Characters involved: Taliban (Islamic radicals) Amir Farid Woman and man both killed by rocks â€Å"And they call themselves Muslims† -Farid â€Å"Mord? Mord? Is he dead? † -Amir â€Å"Every sinner must be punished in a manner befitting his sin! †- Cleric at the stadium. This part of the text gives evidence that the Taliban are brutal, have no sympathy and are murderers. The Taliban say they are obeying God. Meeting arranged to meet with the Taliban that afternoon. Characters involved: Farid- asks for Amir Taliban official Symbols Pomegranate tree â€Å"Then I went looking for the abandoned cemetery. It didn’t take me long to find it. It was still there, and so was the old pomegranate tree. †- Amir â€Å"I stood under it, remembered all the times we’d climbed it, straddled it’s branches, our legs swinging, dappled sunlight flickering through the leaves and casting on our faces a mosaic of light and shadow. The tangy taste of pomegranate crept into my mouth. † -Amir The ruined, dead tree serves as a symbol that the city Kabul that Amir knew was now dead. Environment- Kabul- *Desolate. *Ruined *Dusty *Abandoned *Sun-dried Amir’s house *Surrounded by weeds *Rusty â€Å"The Wall of Ailing Corn was still there, though I saw no corn, ailing or other-wise, along that wall now. †-Amir Paint peeled off â€Å"The house was far from the sprawling white mansion I remembered from my childhood. It looked smaller. † -Amir â€Å"Like so much else in Kabul, my father’s house was the picture of fallen splendour. † -Amir â€Å"I wanted to step into the foyer, smell the orange peel Ali always tossed into the stove to burn the sawdust. Sit at the kitchen table, have tea with a slice of naan, listen to Hassan sing old Hazara songs. † -Amir.

Learning and Memory.An introduction to theories of learning Essay

Learning and Memory Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cleaning the room is the target behaviour in Bobby’s case. Mr. Kelly tries to keep on reminding his eight year old child to clean his room but it is always in vain. Since Mr. Kelly needs help in increasing the frequency of his child cleaning his room it could be assumed that bobby is trained and knows how to clean his room. The possible reason as to why he keeps on refraining from this task is however unclear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Operant conditioning is a method of learning that incorporates acquisition of behaviour and facing the consequences of the behaviour. In this type of learning rewards are given to the learner either to encourage or discourage future repetition of the same behaviour (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). Operant conditioning can be used to encourage Bobby in cleaning up his room. Through the various components of operant conditioning Mr. Kelly can apply to encourage Bobby clean his room. Operant conditioning has two major concepts, reinforcement and punishment, which could be used in different ways to encourage bobby to clean his room.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reinforcement involves using reward that would otherwise increase the chances of bobby cleaning his room more often. Mr. Kelly could use various rewards such as giving bobby time to watch T.V, buying little gifts that are issued each time bobby cleans his room. Such motivating factors will encourage bobby to clean up his room. Reinforcement is of two types, positive and negative reinforcement, both ways can be capitalised in changing the behaviour of bobby. In positive reinforcement for instance Mr. Kelly needs to look for items such as toys or bars of chocolate, preferably Mr. Kelly could choose some of the items bobby loves most and use them to reward bobby after cleaning the room.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Continuous use of negative reinforcement over a long period of time would lead to Bobby developing an attitude towards cleaning his room. Thus positive reinforcement could be applied. For reinforcement to be effective both method should be used concurrently. Fixed ratio schedule and variable ratio schedules can be used to implement and encourage bobby to always clean the room. Fixed ratio schedule will always reward bobby after a number of times he has cleaned the room. This method will give immediate positive responses from bobby but would be consuming for Mr. Kelly. Variable ratio schedule would award bobby after irregular intervals of response from him. This can be very effective to reinforce Bobby to clean the room because the reinforcement can come all through the first week and make the reluctance of cleaning the house an extinct behaviour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I will apply the operant conditioning to account for Jackie’s development of the behaviour of phobia towards dogs. This is because the operant conditioning shows or explains why the organisms will acquire learned behaviour that they exhibit. The vital focus of operant conditioning is by use of reinforcements as punishments or reward so as to increase or decrease the likelihood of occurrence or repetition of certain behaviour (Staddon & Cerutti, 2003). In the case of Jackie, she received a negative reinforcement from the dog bite and hence the phobia towards dogs development. Also the stitches and the time that she spent on medication made her develop the negative attitude towards dogs. This is because, in operant conditioning, it is clear that continued use of negative reinforcement will lead to the victim developing an attitude towards that object or behaviour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the behaviour modification that could be designed to help Jackie to overturn the phobia that she has with dogs could be: Jackie could first of all spend time with her spouse with a company the trained dogs. This will help Jackie to see that dogs were not wild and they always do not bite any time you had an encounter with them. This will somehow help her reverse the phobia she had towards dogs and also help her see the positive side of the dogs. She should also be allowed to spend time with the trained dogs with the dogs being guided by the trainer to remain lively, obedient and helpful to Jackie. This will act as a positive reinforcement towards Jackie’s behaviour. She will slowly by slowly start liking dogs and hence they will have a happy life with her partner thereafter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are two main principles of operant conditioning that are evident in the case of Emma. First by the parents trying to offer Emma some kind of reward, they are trying to positively reinforce the behaviour of cleaning her room and toys through the principle of positive reinforcement. Also through putting her out, they are applying the principle of positive punishment by trying to add something bad so that she cannot repeat the same mistake.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Operant conditioning theory could be applied in this case to correct Emma’s behaviour through application of the four main principles of operant conditioning. The parents could apply the principle of negative punishment which is to take something good away so as to decrease certain behaviour. Through application of this principle, they could cut away buying of toys to Emma so that she could be reinforced to clean the room. Also through negative reinforcement principle, which is taking something bad so as to reinforce behaviour could be applied by Emma’s parents. They could stop putting her in time any time that she cleans her room so that she can be reinforced to always clean her room and toys.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Extinction of behaviour in operant conditioning theory can be defined as the disappearance of previously learned behaviour if the behaviour is not reinforced (Hunt et al, 2008). As we have earlier said, reinforcement is the necessity for learning and in which certain behaviour grows. It is either a means to encourage or discourage certain behaviour (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). For instance, the Emma is conditioned to the behaviour that when she screams hard and through the toys away, her parents will collect them and clean them up for her. If the parents stopped this behaviour, Emma could not adopt this behaviour because it will lack reinforcement and slowly it will cease and become extinct. References Hunt, Elgin F. and Colander, David C. (2008). Social Science, An Introduction to the Study of Society. Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013). An introduction to theories of learning (9th ed.). Upper Saddle; River, NJ: Pearson. Staddon, J. E. R., & Cerutti, D. T. (2003). Operant conditioning. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 115-44. Source document

Sex in Advertising

Sex in Advertising Free Online Research Papers There is one major idea which designers and advertisers perpetually have at the back of their minds, and this idea is that â€Å"sex sells†. When we think of this we can relate it to a lot of things we observe around us especially in advertising. One can argue that advertising, particularly fashion advertising should not be focused on sex, which raises an important question- What is advertising? Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media (Bovee, 1992).† The issue of the portrayal of women as sex objects in reality is a strategy of marketing and at the end of the day the main goal is to get products sold. There is more to advertising than just taking a picture and putting the logo and clothes in it. There always has to be something â€Å"more, different, creative or out of the box thinking† that makes it a good advertisement. Unfortunately, that thing is an exploitation of a particular gender; females to be more specific. This particular demographic has been reduced to stimulants for sex, people ready for sex, having sex, submissive people, unprepared people, promiscuous people, and sex objects, stereotyped to people who have to be slim causing anorexia. These advertisements have degraded them to objects especially in the fashion industry. Purpose of study The main purpose of our research is to examine the role of women in advertisements and will seek to answer the debated question of whether â€Å"the way women are portrayed sexually is too extreme or absolutely necessary†. The purpose of this study therefore, is to seek an answer to the question, â€Å"are women used as sex objects in fashion advertising?† Ultimately the goal of people who want to sell clothes is to make money. Aside from the need of profit, legendary fashion designers like Calvin Klein have been noted to say that the reason why they make clothes is because they see a vision or void or can offer some form of creativity to the fashion world (Marsh, 2003). Calvin Klein’s vision may be real and be a reality at the same time but what needs to be known is that Calvin Klein is a brand, Calvin Klein has a parent company called Phillip Van Huesen, Calvin Klein is known in most parts of the civilized world and has grossed over $1 Billion (156 Billion Naira) as profit and it has to keep on doing so (Fajarado, 2008). There are millions of people that can do what it does and probably even better. The point where fashion and advertising meet is what Calvin Klein has mastered and he knows that there is a need to keep a reputation in form of a brand and he needs to sell in any way possible. Calvin Klein is a brand that made $5 billion in 2007 and a brand that has had over thirty controversial campaigns with cases of female pornography, child pornography, keeping slim era and mostly female exploitation or nudity in the thirty years of existence. Advertising may sometimes be seen as underrated and many people do not know the value or the impact advertising has on the world. For example, if a young Nigerian should adopt the mindset of 1995; when the internet was not that popular and when old magazines were all we could get to keep up with the world. We would remember products like Gatorade (Sports Illustrated), Apple (Computer Shopper), Rolex (Time Magazine Inside Front Cover) and Marc Ecko and his weird designs (XXL,Vibe). People continuously saw these brands and even if they did not spend more than two seconds observing the advertisement there would be some form of representation of it in their minds. The kinds of advertisements people observed for more than two seconds were those who showed a woman’s breast, a woman in a bikini, a woman dressed expensively or something that they generally would not be able to afford but would look forward too. Advertising companies noticed that too and used that as an opportunity to exploit the female. Advertising has a major role in building a company’s brand. Now every company wanted to have their brand and it became even fiercer in the fashion industry where someone’s vision had to succeed and be known as the best in the world because there were too many people. The process of branding and advertising now became even more exploited because there is nothing as good as controversy, observing an ad for more than two seconds and wanting to know why a naked woman is there. Naturally the average human being takes more interest in whatever draws his/her curiosity the most Sex in Advertising: The Sex Theme is the most prominent that has occurred over the years and different brands have adopted it continually. Gallup Robinson, an advertising and marketing research firm reported that: ‘In more than 50 years of testing advertising effectiveness, it has found the use of the erotic to be a significantly above-average technique in communicating with the marketplace, although one of the more dangerous for the advertiser. Weighted down with taboos and volatile attitudes, sex is a Code Red advertising technique; handle with care and sellers beware; all of which makes it even more intriguing (Gallup Robinson, 2007). There are always many feminist complaints when people see these controversial campaigns. This statement shows that sex actually does sell from relatively explicit displays of sexual acts, down to the use of basic cosmetics to enhance attractive features. Although most researchers would value Wikipedia as untrustworthy; there was a statement that explained exactly what sex in advertising does and how it has progressed; â€Å"In recent years ads for jeans, perfumes and many other products have featured provocative images that were designed to elicit sexual responses from as large a cross section of the population as possible, to shock by their ambivalence, or to appeal to repressed sexual desires, which are thought to carry a stronger emotional load. Increased tolerance, more tempered censorship, emancipation developments and increasing buying power of previously neglected appreciative target groups in rich markets (mainly in the west) have led to a marked increase in the share of attractive flesh on display. Fashion based advertising should be about the clothes, bags, shoes, perfumes and other fashion accessories. It is logical when celebrities endorse products or when a model promotes a particular brand. It is however not acceptable when they are dressed indecently or in partial nudity. When this occurs, the attention shifts from the product, which is the main purpose of the advertisement to the model’s body. Dr. Tom Reichert studied sex in advertisement effectively and said: â€Å"Sex is only used to grab attention.† These critics should update their thinking because research indicates that sex is used for more than attracting attention. 73%, almost three-quarters, of sexual ads in magazines contained a sex-related brand benefit. Common themes followed the â€Å"Buy this, get this† formula. If you buy our product: (1) You’ll be more sexually attractive, (2) have more or better sex, or (3) just feel sexier for your own sake. He also pointed out that many other companies have successfully used sex in advertising for sustained periods of time, and sex in advertising works in other ways beyond gaining attention and offering sex-related benefits. Suffice to say that as long at people desire to be attractive to others, and as long as people desire romance, intimacy, and love, and all the wonderful feelings they involve, advertisers can show how their products help meet th ose needs and desires (Reichert, 2008). Another PhD holder, Dr. Taflinger approached the sex and advertising theory in a different way. He summarizes the situation from a professional, intellectual and psychological approach of the female and male mind. He pointed out that sex is the second strongest of the psychological appeals, right behind self-preservation. Advertisers know that effectiveness and application are gender linked. The differences in male and female psychobiology cause different approaches to and perceptions of sex, both the act and its outcome. Taflinger also noted that there is a probability that in many products it is possible to find a sexual connection. That sexual connection is much easier to set up for men than for women. They are concerned with a womans anatomy as long as a woman looks young enough and healthy, she is desirable. Men also consider her beautiful, since to a male beautiful and sexually attractive are virtually synonymous. In other words he says through advertising it is easy to get a mans attention by using womens bodies and associate getting the woman if he buys the product. It is playing on his instinctive rather than intellectual view of the world. The ad spends no time discussing her qualifications for sexual desire her mere existence is enough. He bluntly pointed out that to sell to a woman, advertising relies on that modern idea about how men and women relate which is romance and sex as earlier pointed out. These observations and research has come to the conclusion that sex is a strong appeal t o use in advertising (Taflinger, 1996). Sex, women and advertising are very much effective because people still use them every time to get attention. Fashion magazines are the main platforms where these kinds of advertisements are found. One would not see an advertisement for Gucci in The Economist or a Victoria’s Secret advertisement in TIME or Forbes. From research conducted all the fifty advertisements that had some sexual connotation where from fashion magazines. Elle, W, V, Cosmopolitan, Vogue, Marie Claire and Vanity Fair were major magazines that embrace these advertisements. According to Conde Nast, the parent company of Vogue; the advertisement rate in the magazine is as much as $128,000 per page and the circulation rate is over a million. These magazines unfortunately will not prevent those kinds of advertisements because they are their major source of income and they would describe the ads as creative, innovative, different, trend setting and expression of the mind through the clothes. This is why sexuall y undertone is still present in magazines. Activists have tried to fight it and question it; but so far the only thing with regards to fashion magazines that they have been a bit productive with is fighting anorexia which is as big as a deal as portrayal of women in advertisements. That is the only suitable environment for those ads because they pretend that it is not a problem. Unfortunately, what all magazines require is profit and these designers are what bring it. Methodology Most of the advertisements we observed in these fashion magazines all had some form of sexual portrayal of women. This research was done based on a five year span; 2003 to 2008. Unfortunately the issue of women being portrayed as sex objects is still a recurring trend and this has increased as the years have passed. In other words the case has become worse. A sample size of one Hundred (100) Magazines was used. Out of this hundred Sixty five percent (65%) where explicit, Twenty five percent (25%) carried moderately disturbing images and ten percent (10%) portrayed women in a respectable manner. But the fact still remains that women are used as objects which aid advertising and indeed sales of a product. Findings and interpretations After a thorough analysis of various fashion advertisements ranging from year 2003 to 2008, we have come up with a general perception that Women are indeed and more than often used as materials which appeal to the male market especially. We found out that in most of the sampled advertisements, the nudity displayed had no direct connection with the product being sold a good example is an ad by American apparel which displayed the bare buttocks of a young lady when indeed the product being publicized was a pair of thigh high stockings. Most of the advertisements generate enough attention because of the controversy; they get good publicity by exploiting women. Censoring Sexual theme in Advertising Jennifer Berger, the author of a website About Face.com says; â€Å"Ads never let us forget that a womans worth is determined by her appeal to men. Nothing else about her matters, not her thoughts, feelings, or experiences. She is an object to be judged, evaluated and deemed desirable enough by the observer. Her only power lies in controlling and manipulating her appearance, and even in that she is set up to fall short of the perfect ideal. When women are shown in positions of powerlessness, submission, and subjugation the message to men is clear. Women are always available as the targets of aggression and violence, they are inferior to men and thus deserve to be dominated, and women exist to fulfill the needs of men.† This observation is true because it does not value females in the society; it treats them like objects, animals and can even be compared or be worse than racism. According to a United Nations report, during the International Womens Day, March 8, 2001, the Office of Womens Policy in Victoria, Australia established a committee to address issues of concern regarding the portrayal of women in advertising. The committee stated that previous research on images of women has suggested that these images: -fail to portray a representative rage of womens real skills and occupations, particularly in positions of authority; fail to reflect the increasing diversity and richness of womens lives, or the range of womens contributions and achievements; and fail to represent the real variety of womens ages, shapes, sizes and colors. They also stated that this type of presentation of women is problematic because they can generate adverse perceptions of women. The fact that sex sells, according to the same report by Gallup Robinson, is shown by one of the fastest growing brands in the world, Herbal Essences Moisturizing Body Wash, whose sales climbed from zero to $700 million in seven years. Also through research in an advertisement archive called bwgreycale.com, we encountered some extreme Tom Ford advertisements of his perfumes. In 2007, there were three released advertisements; the first showed the perfume in between a womans bare breast and she used her hands to cover her nipples, the other one had the perfume on top the womans vagina and the third one had a female hand groping a males private part. All these were not edited or blurred in any way; they were shown explicitly. Through this he started getting popular because of his scandalous and controversial advertisements. This has been the most extreme case of sexuality in advertisements; others include Dolce Gabannas rape advertisement in 2007, Pumas oral sex advertisement in 2003, Sisleys 2003 campaign with a woman drinking milk from a cows breast, Calvin Kleins campaigns through the thirty years which have ranged from issues to female child pornography, nudity at a time when it could not even be accepted at all unlike now. Other brands include Christian Dior, Cartier, Pirelli, Jacob Co., Rocawaer, Vodka, Yves Saint Laurent, Jean Paul Gaultier, Belvedere, Moschino and Gucci. Conclusion: Sex in advertising, as in life, is here to stay. Its expression will be dynamic, changing to reflect the attitudes of its time. If people can accept homosexuality or marijuana smoking as good; it might be an indication that it would soon be widely accepted. So at the end of it all, it boils down to one thing; magazine owners, advertisers, investors and the models are all doing what they do for money; if not it would have been stopped a long time ago. There is little doubt that sex fascinates us all, but to the business man, the advertiser, it has an added dimension of interest; it sells. References Bovee, C.L. Arens, W. F. (1994). Contemporary Advertising. Boston: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. Conde Nast. (2008). Media Kit. In Conde Nast.com. November 23, 2008, Gallup Robinson. (2007). Sex in Advertising. In Gallup Robinson. Retrieved November 23, 2008, gallup-robinson.com/essay2.html. Holly Crimmins. (2008). About Face: Gallery of Offenders. In About Face.com. Retrieved November 23, 2008,. Jose Fajardo. (2008).History of Calvin Klein.In How to advice.Retrieved November 23, 2008, Marsh, L. (2003). The House of Klein: Fashion, Controversy, and a Business Obsession. Boston: Wiley Reichert, T. (2008). Branding Strategy Insider. Does sex in advertising work? November 23, 2008, from Taflinger, R.F. (1996). You and Me, Babe: Sex and Advertising. Washington: WSU Press Wikipedia. (2008). Sex in Advertising: Criticism. Retreived November 23, 2008, Research Papers on Sex in AdvertisingAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneMind TravelMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesDefinition of Export QuotasHip-Hop is ArtInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAW

College Is Over. Fun Is Here

College Is Over. Fun Is Here Ways to Entertain Yourself During Summer Here are some of the most unusual activities you can engage in once the college is over. Share with your friends and get ready for a summer, full of crazy adventures! Hiking seems too boring for a sparkling personality like yourself? Read on to learn other ways of entertainment: Go fishing bear-style It basically means skinny dipping, except that you have to get your mouth full of fish and scream at the top of your lungs. Just make sure your neighbors aren’t watching. You can also pretend to be a mermaid, but you will need a fake tail for that, and that is kind of complicated to buy, but then, there is another way to keep yourself entertained this summer. Borrow a cat In case you’ve got a friend with forty cats, try borrowing one for a day. Once you get caught, say you want one for yourself, but the chances are she’ll never even notice. Treat the cat with all respect that he deserves, and then take the pet back home at night, when nobody is watching. When your friend asks about the cat, pretend you are not listening. Voila – your summer is crazy! Protest Stand in front of any store that you particularly like and protest against the illegal sale of the toilet paper. Wait – do they have manifestations like that in your area? You can also invite friends to participate in the protest. Choose an issue that bothers you most and make your position clear to the public. You will certainly gather a large crowd of watchers. In this case, ask them to join your cause and promise you will never leave their side in the battle against the illegal sale. Mess with the order Order a pizza, and then tell a pizza guy to come with the cold beer and sandwiches. If they do not serve any of the above, complain to the management. An angry face is a must. You should come to the pizza place and demand your money back. The angrier you become, the more likely you are going to get your money back. In case your fury does nothing for the cause, throw pizza on the floor and start yelling. When the show is over, order another one and eat it in their presence. Mess with the pizza again Order a Pepperoni and tell the pizza guy you wanted Hawaiian. When the confusion is settled, tell the owner it was one of your twins messing with the order. Get a beard Buy a big, hairy beard and go the nearest store to buy a razor. Tell the guy in store you are an old pirate just coming home from Tortuga, and that your ship is leaving soon, so he’d better suggest the cutest razor for Black Beard. Mess with Yahoo answers Go to Yahoo and answer the questions with all the seriousness that you have. Say something that is so ridiculous that it will make people question your sanity and common sense. If someone starts asking, reply with the pseudo-scientific stuff and use high language. Do not end an argument until the opponent admits you are right. You have to insist that your answer is absolutely correct, even if Wikipedia says otherwise. Defend your position and comment on every issue, except the one that is truly related to the problem. Use some mumbo jumbo to prove the point. Rent a car Go to the car dealership and ask if you can rent a car which transforms into a portable marine station and has that auto-recognition installed that greets you by the name every morning. Oh, and add something about the flying Tesla-mobiles. If they never heard of a flying car, tell the shop owner you have a tiny model back at home and invite them to your place. In case they refuse to come for a demonstration, accuse their service of being shallow and outdated, and then apologize.

Easy Tutorial for Making Fake Wounds and Cuts

Easy Tutorial for Making Fake Wounds and Cuts Combine chemical ingredients to make fake wounds suitable for Halloween or other special events. This is a great, easy activity for kids and adults alike, and it only takes a few minutes! Materials petroleum jellyred food coloringcocoa powderdisposable tissuebowltoothpicks How to Make Fake Wounds and Cuts Use a toothpick to mix 3-4 drops of red food coloring into a dollop of petroleum jelly (e.g., Vaseline).Stir in enough cocoa (a pinch or so) to darken the red color to a deeper, blood-like tint.Separate the tissue and tear out a small rectangle (3x2 inches) from a single layer of the paper.Place the tissue at the wound site and cover it with the petroleum jelly mixture.Mold the tissue into a wound shape with the edges raised higher than the center of the wound.Add some petroleum jelly mixture to the center of the wound.Sprinkle cocoa at the edges of the wound to darken it. Add cocoa to the wound center if a scabby (as opposed to fresh) appearance is desired.Red food coloring will stain, so avoid wound contact with clothing or furniture.

Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic - Essay Example Prior to the transition to the Turkish Republic, the old Ottoman Empire embarked on a series of reforms to â€Å"save† the old Ottoman Empire through the efforts of Selim III, Mahmud II, Abdulaziz and Abdulhamit II that hoped to reverse its decline. These men were called the Men of Tanzimat or men of reform in their effort to reverse the decline of the old Ottoman Empire. The efforts to reform the old Ottoman Empire that hoped to reverse its decline included military reform during the time of Selim to improving the educational system and bureaucratic reform in the hope of restoring the glory of the empire. When these reform efforts still failed, the last Ottoman caliph Abdulhammit II resorted to an autocratic rule and adopted religious ideology in his hope to unify and reverse the decline of the old Ottoman Empire. But instead of reversing the decline, Abdulhammit II instead set the conditions for the inevitable fall of the old Ottoman Empire with his lavish lifestyle that dra gged the empire into bankruptcy and was eventually deposed in 1909. The final nail on the coffin of the old empire’s demise was when the old Ottoman Empire sided with Germany in the First World War where the country was divided into pieces to become Turkey that it is today. This change to a Republic political life was not a conscious choice of the old Ottoman Empire as it always struggles to maintain the caliphate political system embarking on a series of reform from rehabilitating its military to improving its educational system and bureaucracy but it was already too late. Not even the adoption of a western concept of a Constitution saved the empire from disintegration. In sum, the old Ottoman Empire was forced by both by internal (bankruptcy, ineffective bureaucracy) and external (siding with Germany who lost in the First World War I) circumstances to change and adapt with the modern world.   The strong western ideology had also influenced the old empire to adapt to moder nity and along with it, is the abandonment of caliphate political system and autocratic form of government to constitution based republic form of government.   Despite these changes in Turkey’s political life and structure, the old traces of the former Ottoman ideology can still be found in modern Turkey.   Among this Ottoman ideology that remained in Turkey and in the Middle East is the strong sense of Islamic nationalism which used to bind and unify Turkey before.   Its sense of the greatness of being a great empire did not diminish with present Turkey as it is considered as one of the progressive countries in the Middle East and in the world albeit it is only a fraction of its former might when the former Ottoman Empire was at its height.      

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Case Study Example Mike’s also has its own wash bays and vacuum islands where customers can wash and clean their cars themselves. Secondly, Mike’s has also created an inviting place. Each of its 19 locations is located in a more-than-an-acre property that is highly landscaped, has a well maintained lawn and with its own underground sprinkler system. The buildings look so clean that people sometimes think Mike’s is a restaurant. Third of all, when it comes to its people, Mike’s is extremely fussy on who it hires. For every 50 applicants, only one might qualify for a second interview. Mike’s ensure that it hires only those people who place the customer’s interest above everything else, those who will fit in well with Mike’s principles. Fourth, regarding selling the relationship, Mike’s always think about their customers, especially their repeat customers. In fact, they live and die on repeat business. They are committed to providing 100% satisfactio n to their customers. Fifth, in order to sell their relationship, Mike’s empower their employees to take ownership of their work. These employees are entrusted to create a happy experience for customers, enough to keep these customers to come back for more of Mike’s services, and to become advocates for Mike’s. Sixth, although Mike’s has its own rules, policies and procedures, it likes to keep things simple. In fact, during the trainings for its employees, Mike’s discusses with its employees the latter’s experiences in the outside world in terms of services they had received as employees and turns the discussion towards how the employees can do the same thing to Mike’s customers. Seventh, Mike’s encourages, and even promotes, (friendly) competition among its stores. Mike’s believes that such friendly competition sparks improvements not only in its stores but also in its employees as well. Mike’s conducts meetings with various

Academic Language Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Academic Language Analysis - Essay Example The indirect quotes that were used in the sentences in these paragraphs equaled the number of sentence that existed since they were twelve and it can be said that each sentence had an indirect quote with no occurrence of any indirect quotes. These paragraphs were therefore average in the size when the number of sentences and the amount of words are considered since there were slightly over three hundred words in both paragraphs and an average of one hundred and fifty words in each of the paragraphs. This makes it easier to understand the reading since the sentences are not unnecessarily long and they put the points that they have across to the person that is reading much easier. The introduction of the article brings into perspective in a clear way what the main article contains and talks about. It outlines what the goal of the study which is to explore how college students use the internet in the studies that they are undertaking and the opinions that these students have of the academic position online on a basis of a sample that represents the whole nation (Jones & Johnson-Yale et al., 2008). This gives an insight in the contents of the rest of the material that is contained in the article and makes it an easier read. The literature review is arranged in such a manner that the subheadings that it contains are supposed to indicate when writer has moved from one idea to the next one as the article develops. These subheadings are numbered in sequence such that they follow each other in a simple way to keep the ideas flowing so that they do not appear to be jumbled all over the place and make the article to become harder to read. This literature review is not only a summary of the sources that the article relied on, but it is organized in a particular manner that makes it fuse the summary which is an outline of the vital sources of the information and a synthesis which re-organizes and re-shuffles the information that

Managerial Applications of Technology (Virtual Workforce) 3 Assignment

Managerial Applications of Technology (Virtual Workforce) 3 - Assignment Example Remote workers need to have proper communication with their colleagues, the managers, and other teams or team members in the organization. Technology also provides support to organize through availing IT services and appliances which makes remote workers more effective. There are a number of advantages of using virtual employees. One advantage is that it reduces the amount of physical space that an organization allocated to its employees. Virtual employees have flexibility which enables such organizations to have flexibility to some extent (Tedesco, 2013). For instance, a virtual employee would not be affected, by any physical disturbance in the organization’s premises. The other thing is that virtual employees can be more productive because of less commuting time. The disadvantage of virtual employees is that they have minimal interactions with their colleagues thus it can be hard for them to work together. It is also hard for an organization to motivate virtual and protect them from distractions. Given that the usage of virtual employees has both advantages and disadvantages it is good to come up with strategies to maximize the advantages and minimize the disadvantages. An organization can do that by improving their communication with the virtual workers to make sure that they feel like a part of the organization. For things like motivation and distraction an organization can organize seminars where they can advise the virtual employees on how to best manage time and avoid distractions. To maximize on their output an organization can set goals for them to meet in certain duration (Amigoni & Gurvis,

Financial Aspect of Health Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Aspect of Health Care - Assignment Example This is because knowing the healthcare costs ensures financial efficiency of the patient. Cost knowledge enables the consumer to plan (budget) for products and services; this will enable him or her to choose the most appropriate and affordable health product or service provider. The exact total fraud value in the healthcare sector in the USA is not known. The Government Accountability Office, in 2010, illustrated that $48 billion dollars were used in improper payments in the health sector. That is approximately 10% of the outlays for that year totaling to $500 billion. However, Erick Holder, the US Attorney General illustrates that approximately $60-90 billion fraud in 2010 in the Medicaid and Medicare fraud (Pear, 2008). Waste occurs in the health sector programs through misallocation of financial resources; for example allocating a lot of finances to non essential projects. Cost containment entails controlling the expenses or costs needed in operating a healthcare organization, or implementing a health project within planned budgetary limits. Cost containment exercise is a significant management function, because it ensures cost efficiency. This is through using appropriate expenses to achieve intended healthcare targets. The most appropriate metaphor for cost containment is financial budget. This is because it sets limits in the financial use in healthcare, so as to realize efficiency and effective management of funds allocated for healthcare (Pear, 2008). Healthcare is considered a business because it applies the theory and principles of management. One of the principles of management illustrates a scalar chain of command. This describes the flow of authority and power from a single top level, to the lower levels of the health organizations. In healthcare, instructions flow from the top management of the health institution, through the middle management, to the lower and non-managerial staffs. Healthcare is a delivery system because; it aims at

Learner's profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Learner's profile - Essay Example to Min for improving his language proficiency shall include verb and subject agreement, verb tenses, correct pronunciation of words, and a wider vocabulary. This can be done by reading activities which will enable him to learn new words, correct his pronunciation and intonation, and check his comprehension. I believe that Min’s English skills can be further improved by exposing him to other English native speakers. Thus, activities should be complemented with daily interaction with other Australians. On the basis of the tests carried out on him covering various aspects of his language learning efficiency it could safely be ascertained that the learner possesses satisfactory skills of elementary level which includes reading, writing, speaking as well as listening skills. Some words still required to be repeated over and over again. Often times, choosing simpler and more familiar words aid him to understand and respond more quickly during interviews. However he does understand the overall meaning of the conversation. (I do not have any source to find out how Min fared in the other tests. I only have his reading and writing test samples, but writing on something that I do not know is apparently difficult. I haven’t even heard how he speaks nor have any idea about his listening skills. However I have tried to incorporate some of the findings in the task.) For non English speakers, listening is a relatively tough job, which is mainly because of the variation in intonations and word stress which is quite different compared to other languages. Also the individual skill levels count, like a good vocabulary, and frequent contacts with the native English speakers. Such factors help in adapting to the sounds, intonations, stress and pronunciations of the English language. Some English words are pronounced differently in Korean language which sometimes makes it difficult for the non native speakers, like Min, to grasp specific information from conversations, often

Financial Aspect of Health Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Aspect of Health Care - Assignment Example This is because knowing the healthcare costs ensures financial efficiency of the patient. Cost knowledge enables the consumer to plan (budget) for products and services; this will enable him or her to choose the most appropriate and affordable health product or service provider. The exact total fraud value in the healthcare sector in the USA is not known. The Government Accountability Office, in 2010, illustrated that $48 billion dollars were used in improper payments in the health sector. That is approximately 10% of the outlays for that year totaling to $500 billion. However, Erick Holder, the US Attorney General illustrates that approximately $60-90 billion fraud in 2010 in the Medicaid and Medicare fraud (Pear, 2008). Waste occurs in the health sector programs through misallocation of financial resources; for example allocating a lot of finances to non essential projects. Cost containment entails controlling the expenses or costs needed in operating a healthcare organization, or implementing a health project within planned budgetary limits. Cost containment exercise is a significant management function, because it ensures cost efficiency. This is through using appropriate expenses to achieve intended healthcare targets. The most appropriate metaphor for cost containment is financial budget. This is because it sets limits in the financial use in healthcare, so as to realize efficiency and effective management of funds allocated for healthcare (Pear, 2008). Healthcare is considered a business because it applies the theory and principles of management. One of the principles of management illustrates a scalar chain of command. This describes the flow of authority and power from a single top level, to the lower levels of the health organizations. In healthcare, instructions flow from the top management of the health institution, through the middle management, to the lower and non-managerial staffs. Healthcare is a delivery system because; it aims at

Effect of Toluene and Xylene in solvents on humans Essay Example for Free

Effect of Toluene and Xylene in solvents on humans Essay Toluene and Xylene are some of the major compounds in the solvents that affect the humans. Both, Toluene and Xylene, exert some effects like irritation at the site of contact and CNS depression. Irritation Solvents are in liquid form when at room temperature, but they are volatile too. When these solvents are in liquid form, once they come in contact with the skin, irritation may occur. When they are volatile, inhalation of these vapors may cause irritation in the respiratory track and the vapors may cause irritation to the eyes even. CNS Depression CNS depression is defined as the consistent effect of these solvents at sufficiently high levels of exposure. The symptoms are disorientation, giddiness, and euphoria. The syndrome may progress to paralysis, convulsions and unconsciousness. Death may ensue. The mechanism is not clear yet but the observation that narcosis (CNS Depression) was related to the solubility of toluene and Xylene in lipid and not at all related to their chemical structure, and hence suggested that narcosis resulted from CNS cell dysfunction following solubilizing of the solvents in the cell membrane. There are also a variety of specific effects of toluene and Xylene in solvents on humans. The diversity of these effects is a result of the different metabolic being formed. They are effect on liver, kidneys, nervous system, and hematopoietic system.

The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship And Innovation Commerce Essay

The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship And Innovation Commerce Essay What is the relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation? Depending on which model you are looking at entrepreneurship has a differing relationship with innovation. There are definitions out there that make an entrepreneurial behaviour almost identical to that of innovation. Is there more to innovation than being entrepreneurial? Can entrepreneurship be defined by innovation? These are some questions I intend to answer throughout the essay and I will examine and determine how the two are related, however large or small the relationship is. Up to 1 in 3 business start-ups fail within the first three years and with the amount of start ups, 3 per minute in 2001, there is a lot of prospective, hopeful entrepreneurs aiming to succeed in business but fail. What is the difference in characteristics between those that succeed and fail, is there a clear differentiation and can the amount of innovation used by the entrepreneur effect the success of the business? I aim to come to a conc lusion and answer all of these questions throughout and critically analyse differing theories. Both of the terms are often used interchangeably with little understanding of the differentiation between the two (David Johnson, 2001). My interpretation of innovation is that it has a lot to do with the invention of a product or a process and is a change in the norm, which then becomes the norm. A good example which would show innovation would be the movement from the floppy disk to the CD ROM, this is a clear move with a totally different design and then became the norm, till further innovation happened and the USB flash drive has become the most common for file storing and transfer. The question of defining entrepreneurship and linking it to innovation is harder than it sounds. There are many studies of entrepreneurship however there is no specific definition as it cannot be summed up into one single statement. There are various models showing a differing correlation between innovation and entrepreneurship. I see the link between the two as one in which, if worked together in har mony there can be a prefect outcome in terms of the success of an entrepreneur. Not everyone who starts up a business is an entrepreneur; it is the one who makes the best outcome of any opportunity given throughout the life of a business that will be a successful entrepreneur. There are different characteristics and different circumstances surrounding each successful entrepreneurs story but each made it down their route to become successful. A good idea is nothing more than a tool in the hands of an entrepreneur.'(Jeffry Timmons 1977) This idea shows that innovation, or the idea is just one single aspect of the processes of the entrepreneur in the making of, and continuing the success of a business. Therefore this means there is a relationship visible but it cannot be said it is one that says that entrepreneurship is more than just an idea, or innovation but it is using that idea. Innovations are the composite of two worlds, namely, the technical, and the business; so when only a change in technology is involved, this is just an invention; but as soon as the business world is involved, it becomes an Innovation. (Schumpeter 1934). An entrepreneur is an individual who establishes and manages a business for the principle purposes of profit and growth. The entrepreneur is characterised principally by innovative behaviour and will employ strategic management practices in the business this explanation is very relevant to what I am trying to explain and the link with business shows how entrepreneurs in business can be innovative. (Carland et al, 1984). These are how innovation and entrepreneurship can be defined in 2 different models. They can both be linked into each other visibly due to the idea of business in innovation and the innovative behaviour. However they can also be criticised due to saying entrepreneurs are only in pursuit of profit but this would depend on the personality of the individual. The founder of Oxfam, Joe Mitty, was solely interested in making money for charity and was a volunteer. Schumpeters view of creative destruction (1934) refers to the entrepreneur introducing a new idea that takes over a market and links entrepreneurs to economic growth and development. This could be an idea of shifting production processes, reducing the size of the workforce to increase productivity or indeed the introduction of a new product. The reason the introduction of the new idea has such an effect is, because of the unpredictability of the introduction, meaning there is no chance to prepare and lessen the impact of the new idea. Therefore Schumpeters theory was very much in line and the link innovation has with the entrepreneur is clear and represented by the fact that this creative destruction often leads to the overhaul of a market and takes over the old idea. For example the DVD, taking over VHS, and now they do not sell VHS in HMV and most other leading electronic multi media stores. The view of Kirzner (1973) is that entrepreneurs are individuals that recognise opportunity and find gaps in the market and test the viability of new business by trial and error and feedback from the market. Therefore these two views are contrasting with Kirzners view of entrepreneurship related more markets and gaps within them, and the responsiveness of an individual to react and make the most of this opportunity, rather than seeing the opportunity for a new product or idea, rather than simply moulding or adapting what is there already to gain market share. After this an entrepreneur differentiates from just an opportunist introduction and realisation of the idea by carrying on the idea and turning it into a viable business. These two ideas give a different level of linkage with innovation, rather than the destruction of Schumpeters model which creates the market for the product, Kirzner believes it is about adapting the idea to fit into the market, so the innovation may be seen as more lapse and less extreme in Kirzners case. OECD (1998) states that: (they) accelerate the generation, dissemination and application of innovative ideas this sums up one particular idea of the relationship between the two; it implies that entrepreneurship is innovative however, innovation is not always entrepreneurial. Innovation may only be one aspect in the beginning, or perhaps innovation should happen throughout and be continued through the life of the business to attempt to keep ahead of competition. Innovation is not always a radical destruction of a current process or product and it can just be a small alteration to current product or process. E.G. Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou, an entrepreneur and the founder of easy jet, took an idea and used his business mind and talents to create and exploit the market, however did not invent any new innovative product, or production process but he spotted an opportunity for a budget airline which opened air travel up to the masses, whom perhaps could not afford what was there before it. Schere (1982) sums up an entrepreneur by giving their characteristics, it states they have a tolerance for stress and uncertainty, a real life example here can be the entrepreneur I interviewed, John Russell, who had to support a family at the same time as remortgaging his house and set up a business. To get through the stress of this whilst setting up and pursuing a successful business would take a lot of tolerance and self belief. The tolerance of uncertainty could be linked to innovation, if it is a new process or product and it has not been tried and tested in a market as is discussed by Kirzner (1973), the entrepreneur is taking a big risk even if the gap in the market it there in theory, there is no certainty due to the irrational behaviour of consumers. Schere gives a characteristic of entrepreneurs that they are open minded and can react quickly to change. The nature of innovation is that however prepared or quickly entrepreneurs can react they are often powerless to prevent a total overhaul of a market, due to the action of another entrepreneur (Schumpeter 1934). Timmons et al (1985) gives one of the largest sets of traits in the field. The trait of having the drive to achieve and grow is one of them. The drive to grow is one trait of interest and can be linked in to what has already been discussed, due to the distinction between innovation and entrepreneurship, with innovation being the starting point of a process and the entrepreneurial side leading to the growth of the business, however innovation would be needed throughout the life of the business to lead to a growth in the idea, an example is Simon Cowell who from X factor went on to expand using entrepreneurial prowess to take it into other countries and then went on and created Britains got talent, which introduced a new idea and process to the TV industry. Simon Cowell, just one example can already counter the idea of Timmons et al, of they have Low need for status and power, as it is visible that this interests him. Theories giving traits of entrepreneurs, however, is a generalisation of all entrepreneurs and can be easily criticised as there are so many different types and individual entrepreneurs that cannot be segmented and categorised. The studies give traits of entrepreneurs and do not take into account the background. For example, one entrepreneur may be a university graduate, whilst another could be a middle aged worker who has found a way doing what their business is doing more efficiently. Therefore it is likely that the traits they portray are not all identical to each other. If all the traits an entrepreneur is said to portray in journals and articles are true then entrepreneurs would be close to perfectly efficient and functioning human beings. People can also be innovative but cannot make the step up to become entrepreneurial, the BBC television programme (2. The Age of Plenty, The Foods that make Billions 2010) it shows us the story of how business has turned grain into one of the biggest success stories of the modern food industry. In the beginning it was one of the Kellogg brothers who invented the product; however it was the other one of the brothers that took it forward as a business. The person who created the idea is the brother of the entrepreneur and he could be seen as innovative. His brother was the one who took the idea further, by increasing the product range and adding sugar to it where his brother chose not to. Therefore a differentiation is shown here between the two thought processes of simply just an inventor and then an entrepreneurial mind that has increased the size of the company, and its profits, significantly. Apple, in recent times, is a great example to use when referring to both entrepreneurial expertise and new innovative products. Before the IPod was launched on October 23rd 2001, there were there means of personal media players which people were satisfied with. However the idea of 1000 songs in your pocket came by surprise and nobody could have predicted it. People used portable CD players and walkmans without realising the potential and they were later deemed clunky and useless. However, The IPod has become a household name, and despite not being the first mp3 player they revolutionised the MP3 and now people call them IPods rather than mp3 players. Here the iPod can be seen to be in line with Schumpeters idea of creative destruction (1934) because it is an example of how a new introduction (of the iPod) effectively destroyed the ideas that came before it, e.g. people dont use walkman anymore, due to the intro of the iPod. The reason Apple is a near perfect example of a complementar y relationship between both innovation and entrepreneurship is because of their actions after the initial introduction, and the way in which they continued to use innovative strategies and keep up the level of innovation and did not settle on the idea. Further developments on the IPod were brought to the market, for example the mini, shuffle, nano and the touch were all further innovations, and then they continued to create other products under the Apple brand. They made the new Mac books, the air and the pro, Apple Macs which further competed with other computer companies than they did in the past. Then more recently they have made the I Phone, which has 4 different models, and potentially more, iPad and in the future they are also looking into moving into a new (for them) form of media, TV. These innovative ideas, along with the fact that they are becoming a market leader in electronics and making huge profits year on year, whilst banging nails into past leader of the portable med ia industry (with the walkman) Sonys coffin (Naughton, 2010). They demonstrate perfectly why innovation has such a relationship with entrepreneurship. The reality of it is, however, one day there will be innovation, not by apple, and perhaps not by any of the current firms in the electronics market, that will kill off apple and lead to a new market leader. Due to the nature of innovation, however much Apple prepare they will not be able to prevent this happening. Druckers source of opportunity (1985) is a model in which the opportunities for an entrepreneur come about both internally and externally. Internally through inadequacy, changes in market or coming about through chance; or externally through perception and mood, demographic changes and new knowledge, from individuals or chance revelations. Small firms are more innovative than their large firm counterparts, being less bound by convention and more flexible (Carter Jones-Evans 2006) This suggests that in large firms which have set policy and running to it, would be more ridged, and therefore less reactive to a change in the market and could be pushed out of the market due to new innovative firms taking over. Therefore for a business to succeed in the long term they may need innovative ideas to survive and prevent being overtaken by the more innovative smaller firms. To sum up the relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship is not a simple thing to do with a single sentence answer. What I can conclude is that there is a differing relationship between the two in different fields of study. A common idea of the relationship is that it is a dependant one, in which both are needed in an economy to stimulate economic growth. The idea that innovation is a part of the entrepreneurial process is one that I agree with, there can be innovation without an entrepreneur involved; however there cannot be a successful entrepreneurial venture without the input of innovation. This is because innovation is what will be the distinction between ideas, without innovation there may be change or progression and this could lead to a stagnant economy. The examples I have given of entrepreneurs are ones that I believe show a differing amount of innovation, but similar amounts of success, Stelios had merely a change in the pricing and strategy of airline firms whic h when compared to the example of apple is only a small change, however, innovation is still shown and is still important. Overall in most cases it is not just an individual entrepreneur people may be inspired by an individual innovative idea and create entrepreneurial flow of a business over time as a team which can lead to great success with the right mix of both innovation and entrepreneurial processes.

The USA Immigration Problem Essay -- Immgration Immigrants Population

The USA Immigration Problem Immigration is a major problem facing the U.S. today. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants flock to this country every year. Some legally, others illegally. Some are escaping from religious and political oppression while others come to seek out the "American Dream". Either way they are causing nationwide problems. Non-English speaking workers take jobs away from American people because they will work for cheaper wages. Illegal immigrants receive welfare and health care and the money to fund this comes straight from us, the citizens of the United States. Some limitations have to be put on the number of immigrants allowed each year and much stricter border patrols must be installed. Harsher punishments and frequent checks are necessary to keep corporations from hiring illegal aliens. We need to do something about this problem before its to late.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The number of legal immigrants should definitely be lowered to a much more reasonable number. Right now, an average of over 600,000 legal immigrants are granted access to the country. I believe this number should be cut in half. We need to focus on problems facing American citizens, such as poverty, AIDS, cancer, and unemployment. We don't need 300,00 more people to deal with, we have enough problems with the currents population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don't think certain ethnic groups should be give preference over another group but I think educated workers who can speak English should be gran...

Integration - Its Time for a Change Essay -- Current Events

Integration - It's Time for a Change Integration is definitely not working, or being used the way it was intended. Sure it's working in the sense that the schools are more diverse then when they were segregated, but integration is no where near where it should be and where it was intended to be. There are a few key points that demonstrate why integration isn't working like it should. The most obvious is the lack of integrations in a lot of schools, and the lack of diversity in our classes. Like we saw in the documentary, the schools are integrated, but the classes are segregated. Integration in some schools has led to tracking, which essentially is institutionalized racism- the opposite of what integration is for. Although we have programs like METCO, we don't have nearly enough. There isn't enough integration in our schools, and there isn't anything changing that. Programs that did have volunteer integration have been cancelled because of lack of funding, and support by the community and government. I think that districts themselves need to be more involved in tryi...

Is There One Best Way to Structure an Organization? Essay

Organization is always an efficient way to achieve the goals since ancient time, high productivity with lowest input which is an important characteristic of it. Well-organized is a common ambition for every administrator. Therefore it is a primary task for managers to find out a most suitable structure for the company which can maximize the organization performance. Currently, many researchers are seeking for the relationships between an organizational structure and performance in order to adopt a best structure. However, base on contingency theory, a large number of researches proves that the optimal organizational structure depends on the strategy and among other factors (Pertusa-Ortega et al, 2010). The purpose of this essay is to explain that organizational structures are variable, which can be influenced by the scale, strategy and the operation technology of the business. Firstly, the size of a business is an important factor which could determine how an organization is structured; there are many different ways to manage a company according to the disparate capacity, number of personnel, and output of the business. Base on the studies from the Aston and National, both of them support this argument by finding there is a strong relationship between the size of the company and its structure variables (Cited in John Child, 1973). Thus, different structures are needed to administrate companies with different size. According to John Child (1973), specialization, documentation, standardized behavior, hierarchy, and a decentralization of decision making, are the core characteristics of the large companies, which could support the companies to make a decision accurately and efficiently as the power of decision-making are dispersive, the employers in big companies such as Telstra, Woolworth, could not supervise every employees simultaneously and could not make every decision for the company either. Therefore, tall structure is accepted widely in large businesses as everyone could be supervised. However, small business like local cafeteria and franchisee of McDonald, are more likely to use a flat structure to achieve well-organized, the employers could make every decision for the business as the centralization of making decisions and could supervise every workers as well due to a small number of employees. However, the correlation between two companies with disparate size are not linear, when the business has grown and achieved a certain size, the influence from size to structure is gradually reduced as large businesses are already mechanistic enough. Thus, size has a noticeable influence on the organizational structure; managers should determine an optimal framework which most fit the company to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the outcomes. Furthermore, strategy of the company is an essential factor for choosing an appropriate way to structure an organization. Strategic management which relates the future performance of a company, mangers should imply an appropriate strategy to gain the competitive advantages, to help themselves to compete against other competitors and to increase their market share. Different companies need different strategies to survive themselves to be profitable businesses. Chandler and other researchers state that the alteration of a strategy will leads to a change in organizational structure so that the development of strategy could be sufficient and a better profitability reached (Cited in Pertusa-Ortega et al, 2010). For example, for a manufacture, its strategy is to improve productivity with lower resource, therefore the structure of mechanistic is most suitable, which is high specialization, low cost and more efficiency, products can be produced with minimum time when this structure is implie. In contract, Pertusa-Ortega and other researchers claim that an organic structure is an optimal choice for firms which facing the dynamic context, thus, it needs to constantly change the productions and this flexible structure could make it easier to improve the products (2010), such as Google. The Cubic Contingency Model which consists of three strategies: local responsiveness, global integration and foreign product diversification and across other nine structures, 27 strategy-structure fits are turned out. This model is a comprehensive tool to provide useful information to managers to imply the best fitting structure base on their strategic choice (Qiu & Donaldson, 2010). Approximately 85% of these strategy-structure fits are supported by a German Multinational Corporations study, which could prove that strategy is an element to push structure to change to improve the performance. Additionally, economic environment has a strong relationship to the variables of organizational structure. The research to measure the relation between the perceived environmental uncertainty and the various organizational structures by Gordon and Narayanan (1984), they claims that the fluctuation of the economic environment has a dramatically correlation between how an organization be structured. When there is a high uncertain of environment, managers should imply a structure which could minimize the threatens of the uncertainty, and also should be flexible and adoptive enough to allow the products to change as required by the market, organic structure which is a most fitting framework for business to face the unstable environment as it could rapidly respond to the market uncertainty, it could reduce or increase the quantity of the products in a short time. On the other hand, when facing a lower environment uncertainty, mechanistic form is more tend to be effective and efficient, because the requirements of changing the products are less, this structure could help to improve the productivity. Stinchcombe suggests that environmental conditions are not only determine the particular goods or service that company should produced, moreover, it also determine the features of organization should be created to follow the market requirements (cited in Miles et al, 1974). Organizational structure should change in accordance with the various environments, so that the companies can produce the quantity and quality of the goods or services that the market required. In conclusion, this essay explains that organizational structure is contingent and it is very sensitive that could be affected by size, environment, and strategy. Forms of organization should be altered to improve performance and meet the requirements of external. Managers should choose an appreciate way to administrate the company by considering these elements. However, it is a challenge for decision makers to design an organization; managers should make sure that the new structure is sustainable and the employees are well-connected with each other. Child, J. (1973). Administrative Science Quarterly. Predicting and understanding of organization structure. Vol.18(2): 168-185. Pertusa-Ortega, E.M., Molian-Azorin, J.F,;Claver-Cortes,E.(2010). Competitive strategy, structure and firm performance. A comparison of the resource –based view and the contingency approach. Management Decision. Vol.48(7-8):1282-1303. Qiu,J. & Donaldson, L. (2010). â€Å"The Cubic Contingency Model: Towards a more comprehensive international strategy-structure model.† Journal of General Management, 36(1): 81-100. Miles, R.E., Sown, C.C. and Pfeffer, F. (1974), Organizational –Environment: Concepts and issues. Industrial relations, Vol.13(3):244-264. Gordon, L.A. and Narayanan, V.K. (1984), management accounting systems, perceived environmental uncertainty and organizational structure: an empirical investigation, Accounting, Organizational and Society. Vol.9, No.1, pp33-47.

Parenting Skills Essay

1. What role do you think discipline plays in developing a child’s self-esteem? What forms of discipline best serve the self-esteem of the child or adolescent? 2. List and discuss how activities, clubs, or sports, impact the self-esteem of children and parents. Provide at least two activities, clubs, or sports in your answer. Discussion Answers 1. I think that discipline done correctly could help in a child’s self-esteem. When you discipline a child make sure that they understand WHY and it makes them feel trustworthy, and included. If you treat discipline like a dictatorship the child feels like you’re abusive and they are stupid and untrustworthy. people with low self-esteem generally Fail to achieve their goals, Are not able to pursue accomplishments in a responsible and disciplined manner, Have poor communication skills, Have a pessimistic view on life, Are prone to anxiety, depression, hostility, loneliness, shame, and guilt, Form unhealthy, destructive relationships with others, and Make decisions in life more to please others than to adhere to their own interests and value systems. I think that discipline done correctly could help in a child’s self-esteem. When you discipline a child make sure that they need to understand what is happening and they need to feel included. If you treat discipline like a dictatorship the child feels like you’re abusive. people with low self-esteem generally fail to achieve their goals, have poor communication skills, have a negative view on life and are prone to anxiety, depression, loneliness, and guilt. Also, form unhealthy, destructive relationships with others, and make decisions in life more to please others. 2. Parents should encourage children to participate in sports and clubs that are productive and give a feeling of accomplishment. However, it is not always advantageous for a parent to push a child toward a particular sport or activity because sometimes the parents will push their children towards their dream sports or activities they wanted to do as a child. 3. parents should encourage children to participate in sports and clubs that are productive and give their children a feeling of accomplishment. However, it is not always advantageous for a parent to push a child toward a particular sport or activi ty.